~65,000 BCE
Out of Africa
Earliest maternal haplogroup traces — human exodus from East Africa via southern coastal route.
~8,500 BCE
Neolithic Farming Revolution
Agricultural revolution in the Levant. Farming populations spread across Europe and North Africa.
~3,000 BCE
Bronze Age Steppe Migration
Yamnaya steppe ancestry — pastoral nomads from the Pontic-Caspian steppe reshaped European genetics.
27 BCE–476 CE
Roman Empire Expansion
Pan-Mediterranean gene pool formed through centuries of Roman expansion and trade networks.
~1000 CE
Medieval Migrations
Viking trade routes, Crusader movements, and Ottoman expansion created new migration corridors.
1500–1900 CE
Modern Trade Era
Colonial trade networks and population mixing. Final consolidation of modern genetic profile.